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Electronic Components

Laser Diode Technology Tutorial

Laser diodes offer a cheap and easy solution for applications where coherent light is required. Laser diode technology has developed to a stage where the diodes are cheap and reliable as well as offering high levels of specification. This means that they have become a popular choice for many applications ranging from high capacity data communications links to optical storage. Read more . . .

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• SUMMARY: Laser diode structure
• SUMMARY: Laser diode theory & operation

Antennas and Propagation

MIMO Technology

MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output - is a system used to provide improvements in link quality and link data throughput. Now that the processing power is available, it is being used in everything from Wi-Fi to the 4G cellular system LTE. Read more . . .

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• SUMMARY: MIMO spatial multiplexing
• SUMMARY: SISO, SIMO, MISO, MU-MIMO
• SUMMARY: MIMO antenna beamforming
• SUMMARY: MIMO coding
• SUMMARY: MU-MIMO

Test and Measurement

PCB Inspection Technologies - AOI & AXI

PCB inspection systems including automatic optical inspection, AOI and automatic X-ray inspection, AXI are two technologies that are essential cornerstones of the electronics PCB manufacturing. They enable manufacturing defects to be found as soon as possible in the manufacturing process as well as providing feedback to enable the process to be optimised. Read more . . .

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• SUMMARY: AOI
• SUMMARY: AXI
• SUMMARY: Design to test for AOI

Cellular Telecoms

Network APIs - the foundation of innovation

Mark Windle, Head of Marketing at OpenCloud, explains how operators can perfect the introduction of network API exposure. Read more...

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• TUTORIAL: 3G LTE

Book shop

Featured Book

Check out this month's featured book in our bookshop, along with many other interesting volumes for the engineer.

This month's title is: LTE Air Interface Protocols, By Mohammad T. Kawser.

RF Topics

Thermal Noise Formulae & Calculator

The effects of thermal noise often need to be calculated for RF applications. Refer to the formulae or use our thermal noise calculator to determine noise levels in volts or dBm. Read more . . .

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• SUMMARY: Noise measurements & specs
• SUMMARY: Thermal noise

Circuits & Modules

RC-Twin T Notch Filter Circuit

Can you remember some of those simple but useful circuits? Here is a simple RC twin T notch filter circuit consisting of just three resistors and three capacitors. Read more ...

• CIRCUIT: Op-Amp Schmitt Trigger

Test and Measurement

Spectrum analyzer tutorial

Spectrum analyzers are one of the key tools for RF development, maintenance and repair engineers. Using a spectrum analyzer it is possible to see a plot of a signal in the frequency domain, showing the frequencies and amplitudes of the signals as a plot of frequency and amplitude. In this way it is possible to see exactly what is being generated and radiated. Read more . . .

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• SUMMARY: Superheterodyne spectrum analyzer
• SUMMARY: FFT spectrum analyzer

RF Topics

RF Attenuators

RF attenuators are used in many RF designs to reduce signal levels and also to ensure that the correct impedance matches are obtained. Resistive ones can be made from just three resistors, while variable ones using PIN diodes use a few more. Read more . . .

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• SUMMARY: RF resistor attenuators
• SUMMARY: PIN diode variable attenuator

Cellular Telecommunications

dPMR - What You Need to Know

dPMR - digital private, personal, professional mobile radio is a relatively new standard that is coming to the PMR market. Offering low cost but effective communications, this standard is built around a narrowband FDMA technology to provide very spectrum efficient operation.

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• TUTORIAL: PMR446

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